Juvenile and adult justice system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Juvenile and adult justice system - Essay Example In the criminal courts however, it is called plea bargaining but in the juvenile courts, it is referred as modifying the petition. The adult and juvenile both have a right to hearings, appeals and a right to counsel in court proceedings. Adults are tried for crimes in the adult court while juveniles are tried in the juvenile court. Unlike adults whose court proceedings are public, juvenile proceedings are not viewed as criminals and their records are confidential and are not normally accessible. In the case of adult trials, the â€Å"best interest† lies in reducing or foregoing the sentence, unlike in the juvenile trials where rehabilitation is the main focus. In terms of sentencing, although judges in both courts have leeway in determining the proper sentence, the judges in the juvenile court have far more room to decide on the sentence. They have a broad range of options from immediate parole to placing delinquents in juvenile facilities or county jails (Yakov, 2011). Yes, I think that juveniles should continue to receive preferential treatments from the courts because the courts should focus on their rehabilitation and not in the punishment of the crimes that they commit.

Barbie Doll by Marge Piercy Essay Example for Free

Barbie Doll by Marge Piercy Essay The poem, Barbie Doll, is about a girl who was growing up in a society which regard highly of female beauty. The title illustrates that most females were expected to be like Barbie dolls. These dolls cast pressure on the girl to be like supermodel. In this story, the girl failed to meet the standards of society and viewed as a social outcast.The first paragraph describes a growing girl who was presented with dolls, miniature GE stoves, irons and lipsticks. This will ensure that the girl will know which gender roles she should be and not too deviate from the accepted social custom. The mood of the poem changes when the author describes, the magic of puberty. Here, it refers to a time of emotional crisis that the girl went through as she matures. She is constantly teased for not looking like the typical Barbie dolls. The second paragraph began with mentioning the girls positive aspects, such as She was healthy, tested intelligent, possesses strong arms and back and abundant sexual drive and manual dexterity, These sentences portray the girl image (female) to male characteristics. The tome in the poem changes again when the author stated, the girl went to and fro apologizing, and everyone still say she had a fat nose and thick legs, the society again, scorn at the ugly appearance of the girl. In the third paragraph, line twelve to sixteen, the girl is expected to fake her natural behavior, emotion and characteristics. The fan belt was used to exemplify that one cannot endure the pressure placed by society to meet their standards and will wear out eventually. Consequently, she cut off her nose and legs. Therefore, the last paragraph expressed her death as consummation at last. Dont she look pretty? Everyone said. In this line, the author wants the reader to make good judgment to the senseless situation in which society judge beauty to female. I think that children, especially boys, are not born with hatred or feelings of enmity towards female who have physical figures below social standards. They are all programmed that way by selfish or ignorant male adults. If these male adults can only take a look at themselves and see that all they have done is to destroy. The lives of their opposite sex, driving down their  self-esteem to the deepest pit, then this society will be a better place to live in.

The Salem Witch Trials History Essay

The Salem Witch Trials History Essay Introduction The Salem witch trials of 1692 took place in Salem, Massachusetts. Overall, 141 people were arrested as 19 were hanged and one person crushed to death. Researchers describe the Salem witch trials as a series of court trials that were aimed at prosecuting persons who had been accused of witchcraft. The trials took place between 1692 and 1693  [1]  . Prior hearings of the Salem witch trials were carried out in several different towns. The major trial was conducted by the Court of Oyer and Terminer situated in Salem town  [2]  . Several people were rounded up and charged with witchcraft. Some of those arrested died in prison. Of the accused, 14 women and 5 men were hanged. There were fears about religious extremists as many critics perceived witchcraft as being counterproductive. Many problems within the society were attributed to the witches living in the town of Salem. At the time of their arrest, most of them were found with things believed to be used to propagate their activities. Causes of the trials There were about 600 residents in Salem town that conflicted with one group arguing that they had the right to remain in the town as farming families and the other to settle on the eastern side of the rich suburban town of Salem. The thriving economy of Salem town that was mainly a farming community made it to be perceived as being individualistic. The individualism was clashing with the communal nature of Puritanism. The Putnams felt that the large farming families were completely isolated from the rest of the town and amassed a large quantity of wealth. The Putnams were acknowledged leaders of a separatist group. This separatist group owned most of the farming land in Salem village. The Putnams felt the need to form a congregation that would indeed unite them within Salem. In 1689, the religious congregation was formed under the lead of Reverend Parris  [3]  . This religious congregation only represented a small group of the populace in Salem as most of the members were Putnams. Two factions had emerged within the religious congregation. These factions were basically divided on the basis of the contract under which Reverend Parris was employed to conduct the church affairs. Ministers in the religious groups at the time were often granted lots of fringe benefits to go along with their heavy salaries, such as free houses and use of firewood  [4]  . It is believed that Reverend Parris received this and much more, hence creating questions as to why he was being accorded such kind of treatment. Reverend Parris salary was paid by the local tax payers. Critics who did not support this, often mumbled in silence hence creating and deepening the already existing crevice with the religious organization in which Reverend Parris was the main leader. Most Puritans believed in witchcraft as the source of power to harm others. They further believed that the witchcraft was entering partnership with the devil in exchange for certain evil powers in order to propagate their evil activities. Therefore, the religious sect who lived in the same town of Salem was against witchcraft as they considered it as a sin  [5]  . It is also believed that most Puritans were against the Church of England and opposed most of their doctrines. As a result, enmity was created between the Puritans and the Church of England at the time. This culminated into frequent conflicts between the Puritans and the church members who often level accuses against each other. The puritans did not buy any of the traditions that the church was conducted. It was this religious divide that fueled the Salem witchcraft trial of 1692 that led to the killing of several witches within the town, most of who were Puritans. There was a huge political divide in Salem between the English settlers in the east and their opponents who were large farming families. They made several attacks on each other with considerable casualties being reported. In 1692 when the new Governor was elected, he had many issues to settle. He initiated the commission of special court known as the court of Oyer and Terminer which was charged with the responsibility of handling the increasing number of people who were accused at the time  [6]  . Farming was often the main cause of dispute between neighbors and families. As families grew in size, so did their farming land. Most of the farming land pushed forward into the wild, thus causing tension to the conflict that was already brewing. Drought or change in weather could easily wipe out a years crop without much consideration. This resulted in tension. Religious tension made this worse as many Puritans believed that God had advanced his wrath on man due to his sinful nature  [7]  . This belief made many people fear the actions of those who were against God. Therefore, many religious groups such as the Church of England advocated for the elimination of witches from the Salem society in order to enjoy a good bumper harvest and experience rain. Moreover, the social status that the Puritans accorded to the women did not help much as the women were believed to be devils servants. The Puritans perception about women increased the tension that had already built within the community leading to conflict in beliefs, one of the foundations that the Salem trials were based upon. Children were discouraged from playing and generally living a social life among the Puritans. They were the least valued. Similarly, girls were restricted from social groupings and activities in the belief that they would be used by the devil at a tender age. Women were generally not allowed to own land and in most cases land reverted to the previous owner if the husband died. Witch-hunting became a sport and a daily norm among the Puritans in order to acquire property. The effects of this on the society were far reaching. Preconceived ideas of witches There were several preconceived ideas about withes in the Salem village. Most people believed that witches were the main cause of crop failure and drought. This was because, witches often performed certain acts which could reverse the nature of climate change and bring about rain  [8]  . The Puritans were revered for their activities involving witch-hunting. Witches were thus believed to poses the power to ill other people and even make their lives difficult. Furthermore, there was a wide belief that the witches were often in contact with the devil and could order any kind of destruction upon their targets with impunity. In fact, most of the illness and attacks during the 17th century were attributed to the powers of the witches  [9]  . In addition, witches were believed to be anti-Christian in nature since they derived their powers from the devil and destroyed other peoples lives. The Salem society believed that witches should be killed. Therefore, the offence of witchcraft carried the death sentence automatically and without the option of appealing. Analysis of the accusers and their motivations of targeting certain people Most of the accusers of witches were mainly the religious organizations which indeed were against the activities of the witches in Salem during the 17th century. The Puritans were increasingly becoming aggressive and threatened the very existence of humanity due to their social beliefs about women and children  [10]  . Moreover, the Puritans were against the traditions practiced by the church. The witches often laid accusations upon the churchs conduct hence creating tension whenever they were illuminated within the Salem village. In addition, most of the large farming families also accused the witches of crop failure and drought. The powers of the witches were believed to cause deaths in children and livestock. Farming was the main economic activity that the people of Salem practiced  [11]  . Therefore, it farming failed then life became subsequently very difficult for them considering that they often had very large families. Reverend Parris who was a church minister was also an accuser of the witches. His daughter and niece had epileptic fits that were beyond any normal comprehension. Following this, three witches were arrested and arraigned in court to be charged with inflicting such evil upon the children. The arrested individuals were Puritans and were charged with witchcraft. On February 1692, Betty Parris, the daughter of the leader of the religious covenant organization, became strangely ill  [12]  . Critics were quick to point out that this was a result of witchcraft that had been directed towards the ministers home. What made the belief worse was the fact that Reverend Parris cousin and niece also fell strangely ill. Strange illness were often attributed to witchcraft and the accusers who were often family members could not compel with the idea that strange diseases were as a result of a combination of stress, trauma and other physiological causes. These strange diseases mainly attacked children. There was a wide belief that witches often targeted children since they were vulnerable to the witches activities  [13]  . This made witches to be accused of any strange disease like symptoms as most households ignored the diagnosis of the doctors. This was fueled by the strange disease that was exhibited by Ann Putnam, Mercy Lewis and Mary Walcott all who were juveniles. The cure to the strange behavior was not understood as the children continued to wriggle on the ground suffering from this strange disease. The accusers were mainly motivated by the need to curb evil within the Salem community by stopping the witches from killing and depressing people in the society. For instance, women and children were accorded the lowest social class in the Salem community among the Puritans  [14]  . This was seen as a counter-development move and was thus fought by the greater farming community as well as the religious Christian society. When the reverends daughter and niece, Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams fell ill, they were taken to hospital. Since the doctor could not establish anything physically wrong with the girls, it was concluded that they had been bewitched. Tituba, an Indian witch was accused of bewitching the two girls  [15]  . This saw a number of many other witches arrested in 1691with many people condemning witchcraft. Analysis of the accused The accused witches were predominantly Puritans. Trouble began when Cloyce and Proctor were arrested. These individuals were members of the covenanted church. After days of interrogation and investigation, more arrests were made and the suspects arraigned in court to be charged with witchcraft. Most of those who had been named went into hiding for fear of being arrested and charged in court. The prosecutor found the presentation of evidence to be most challenging since evidence in such cases was merely imaginary. The Court of Oyer and Terminer was responsible for prosecuting and charging the witches. The court convened on June 2, 1692 where Bridget Bishops case was heard first  [16]  . The grand jury indeed acknowledged all the charges made against her. Several other witches who were arrested and totaled 150 were charged before the Court of Oyer and Terminer with witchcraft. Only one accused who refused to enter a plea was crushed to death using stones  [17]  . The Court of Oyer and Terminer handled all formal prosecutions of witchcraft. About 36 people were arrested on July 2, 1692 following the convening of the new Governor, Chief Magistrate and Crowns attorney. Local magistrate presided over the cases where they arrested, examined and charged the witches according to the law. The accused were often individuals who maintained a high social status within the Salem setting. They were individuals who were revered and feared for their evil powers  [18]  . Most of them lived in eastern Salem. The witches of Salem had amassed massive wealth due to witch-hunting. They had been accused at one time of killing innocent people for the benefit of their wealth. Conclusion The Salem witch trials were hence as a result of the beliefs that the witches held within the Salem society. The witches were also accused of causing strange diseases among children. Many of the Salem witches were often wealthy people who enjoyed a high social status within the community. Moreover, they were located on the eastern side of the Salem village just next to the farming communities in the Salem town. The Salem trials led to the arrest and imprisonment of over 150 people, 19 of whom were hanged and one crushed to death. These trials were the most controversial in the history of Salem. The trials were done in such haste in order to clear the large backlog of cases concerning witches in the Court of Oyer and Terminer  [19]  . Concerns about witchcraft were often muffled under the pillow until when Elizabeth Parris became strangely ill. She was the daughter of the Reverend Parris, leader of the religious church. Abigail Williams, a niece to the reverend also fell strangely ill. Tituba, the Indian witch was accused of bewitching the girls. Critics of the trial of Salem suggest that witchcraft should be death with witchcraft instead of convicting of witchcraft and sentenced to death. References Blumberg Jess. A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. Accessed from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/brief-salem.html Giles Cory and the Salem Witch Craft Trials. Salem Witchcraft Trials. Accessed from http://coryfamsoc.com/resources/articles/witch.htm Poole William Frederick. Cotton Mather and Salem witchcraft. Harvard: University press, 1869, p.61. accessed from http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=5DT0mK6JxO4Cpg=PA61dq=The+Salem+Witch+Trialshl=enei=s9nCS6qPEp3AmgPdhbj-Bgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7ved=0CFUQ6AEwBg#v=onepageq=The%20Salem%20Witch%20Trialsf=false Salem Witch Trials. Accessed from http://www.articlesbase.com/law-articles/salem-witch-trials-67616.html Salem Witch Trials. Accessed from http://www.42explore2.com/salemwitch.htm The Salem Witch Trials, 1692, Eyewitness to History. Accessed from http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/salem.htm The Salem witch hunts. Accessed from http://www.essortment.com/all/salemwitchhunt_rkto.htm The Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Accessed from http://www.kidzworld.com/article/2536-the-salem-witch-trials-of-1692 Upham Charles Wentworth. Salem witchcraft and Cotton Mather: a reply. New York: Historical magazine, 1869, p.16. accessed from http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=qdmvN-fB5xYCpg=PA10dq=The+Salem+Witch+Trialshl=enei=s9nCS6qPEp3AmgPdhbj-Bgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CEEQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=The%20Salem%20Witch%20Trialsf=false What Were the Salem Witch Trials? accessed from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-were-the-salem-witch-trials.htm

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Cloud computing: Cloud computing is the inevitable future of phones and computers, its a fairly simple concept, it puts the power of a larger powerful device in a smaller less powerful device.For example say you want to play a game that only a computer is powerful enough to play but you want to play it on your phone but your phone is not powerful enough to run kerbal space program so via internet it accesses a more powerful public supercomputer and tells the computer to run the game and your phone just acts as an interface allowing you to play the game.You're also already surrounded by cloud computing, take websites for example a server and computer far away does the computations for the website which allows for these websites to stay secure, things like google drive store your cloud info and allow you to edit it and save it directly to google storage.Websites and storage is just the basis of of what cloud computing and the internet can do. Providers of cloud services could offer c ertain types of service kind of like cellphone plans, pay as you go or a fixed amount. You could have ...

How is Hinduism different from the other two major world religions? Essay

Hinduism is different from the other two major world religions (Christianity and Islam) in that there is no single omnipotent paternal deity that governs people’s actions. Hinduism is pantheistic, that is, it states that there is one super being and it is present in all material things and living beings. Hinduism does not have a single founder, a specific theological system, a single system of morality, or religious organization. There are many manifestations of the Creator, the Brahman, which take the form of many gods and goddesses. The Hindu believe that because all reality is a unity, worshipping different gods will in the end connect them to Brahman, because he is one. Out of this principle of unity stems the concept of accountability of one’s actions in this earthly life. The rise in popularity of Hinduism in the last half of the last century is attributed to this very principle, because it can be compared with the Earth’s ecosystem of interdependencies of different biological levels of organisms. The followers of Hinduism are motivated to behave according their religion’s moral code not because of the fear of successive punishment. Rather, they know that everything in this world functions according to the cause-and-effect principle and one’s actions today will lead to the inevitable consequences after the incarnation. The notions of Karma, reincarnation, and Varna work together to create the revolving system of life and death (Robinson). According to Hindu tradition the earthly life of â€Å"ordinary† people (pravritti) is a meaningless (samsara). Earthly life of the pravitti can have four goals: righteousness in their religious life (dharma); material prosperity (artha); and indulgence of the senses: sensual, sexual, and mental enjoyment (kama). These goals of the pravitti are looked down upon by the Hindu tradition. The ultimate goal of the person is to achieve a state of liberation from the burden of earthly needs and desires (moksha). Moksha can be achieved through successive stages of reincarnation. Each stage is closer to the moksha than the previous one. How the person moves about those stages is determined by karma: a sum of the bad and good deeds of the person (Hinduism). Good deeds will result in a rebirth to the higher, more spiritual level, and bad deeds can cause a person’s soul to step down the ladder and may be even go as low to dwell in the body of an animal. The differences in wealth, health, social status are explained to be the natural outcomes of the one’s previous lives (Robinson). The concept of the Varna represents the stages that one has to go through to achieve liberation. Varna is synonymous to the caste, a Hindu only phenomenon . There are four varnas which are differentiated based on their religion and occupations. The highest class in the hierarchy are the Brahmans, the priests and academics, who are practice the highest spirituality and are closest to Brahman. The second caste are Kshatriya that is made up of the rulers and the military. The third caste is Vaishya and it includes farmers, landlords, and merchants. The lowest class is Sudra which consists of the servants to the other three classes and workers. The Sudra caste is inferior to the other three classes because it does not have the religious initiation like the other castes have, which distances them from the Brahman and explains their lowest position. The fifth class outside the four varnas are the â€Å"untouchables†, the ones that are to low in their standings to be classified (India’s Social Customs and Systems). The Hindu system of reincarnation works in the following way: a person realizes that life on earth is a burden of chaotic cycle of life and death. Life on earth is a suffering and is temporary. A person understands that he is confined to a certain caste in this life because of his actions in the previous lives. He or she than realizes that the goal of existence is liberation from this chaotic cycle of suffering. Knowing that the ultimate goal of his soul is to achieve total liberation, he or she will strive to lead a righteous life to achieve it. The achievement of the liberation is possible through moving up in the caste system. After physical death, the karma determines one’s next position in the caste system on the way to moksha. Works Cited Robinson, B. A. Hinduism. The world’s third largest religion. May 16, 2002 Hinduism: An overview. May 16, 2002. India’s Social Customs and Systems. The Caste System. May 16, 2002

Juvenile Court Trend Analysis essays

Juvenile Court Trend Analysis essays Amazingly, for the seventh consecutive year since 1994, juvenile delinquency has declined. This includes rape, robbery, and murder, especially the years between 1994 and 2001; arrest rate for Juvenile offenders fell 44%. Murder fell 70% between 1993 and 2001 (Snyder, 2003). Although the statistics are confusing and overwhelming, they derived from local law enforcement agencys reports annually by the number of arrests made on the most serious charge. Because these statistics were based on arrests, this does not count the number of crimes committed in one single arrest or many arrests. An estimated 2.3 million juvenile arrests were made in 2001 in which is actually considered a decrease. Of all murder victims, 90% were adults and the other 10% were juveniles. An astonishing 1,630 juveniles were murdered in 2001 and most of them were white male, under the age of five, and killed with a firearm. (Snyder, 2003) In the estimation of statistical data for juvenile delinquency, it shows to be in a decline in proportion to its clearance data. Clearance data refers to the clearing of crimes per arrest. If they arrest a juvenile concerning 40 burglaries, they have cleared up 40 cases of that particular crime (Snyder, 2003). If they clear up one burglary with connections to a group of juvenile delinquents, then it is only that one. This data specifically suggests that juveniles are not as responsible for the cleared crimes as the adults are. This also suggests that juveniles are more likely to commit crimes in groups rather than alone. The property crime index rate has dropped by 41% between 1994 and 2001 and has seen the lowest level of arrest rate since the 1960s. After a stable arrest rate in the 1980s, the decline began in mid 90s and has been declining ever since. More than any other property crime, burglary has remained the lowest in arrest rate. The rate for burglary has been c...